Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

What Is ADHD?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It can affect children, adolescents, and adults, impacting academic, occupational, and social functioning.

Common Signs & Symptoms

• Inattention: Difficulty sustaining focus, frequent careless mistakes, trouble organizing tasks, easily distracted.

• Hyperactivity: Restlessness, fidgeting, feeling “on the go,” difficulty engaging in quiet activities.

• Impulsivity: Interrupting others, impatience, making hasty decisions without considering consequences.

Note: ADHD presents differently across age groups and between individuals. Some may display primarily inattentive symptoms (“ADD”) without the hyperactivity component.

Causes & Risk Factors

• Genetics: ADHD often runs in families.

• Brain Structure & Function: Differences in areas that control attention, planning, and impulse control.

• Environmental Influences: Prenatal exposure to tobacco or alcohol, premature birth, low birth weight.

Diagnosis & Assessment

A comprehensive evaluation by a qualified professional (psychiatrist, psychologist, or PMHNP) typically includes:

1. Clinical Interview: Detailed history of symptoms across settings (home, school/work).

2. Behavioral Checklists: Standardized rating scales (e.g., Conners’ Rating Scales).

3. Collateral Information: Input from family members, teachers, or coworkers.

Treatment & Management

1. Medication

   • Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamines)

   • Non-stimulants (e.g., atomoxetine, guanfacine)

2. Psychotherapy & Coaching

   • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to develop organizational skills and coping strategies.

   • ADHD Coaching for time management and goal setting.

3. Lifestyle & Self-Help

   • Structured routines, checklists, and reminders

   • Regular sleep, balanced nutrition, and exercise

   • Mindfulness practices to improve focus

Helpful Resources

• CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
  https://chadd.org/
  Offers education, advocacy, and support groups.

• CDC: ADHD in Children
  https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/
  Factsheets, data, and guidance on managing ADHD.

• ADAA (Anxiety and Depression Association of America)
  https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/related-illnesses/other-related-conditions/adhd
  Information on ADHD’s overlap with anxiety and mood disorders.

• NIMH: ADHD
  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd
  Research updates, treatment options, and clinical trials.

• Understood.org
  https://www.understood.org/
  Practical tools, expert articles, and community forums for individuals with learning and attention issues.

• Local Support

  • Fortified Minds Telehealth ADHD Assessments & Coaching: Book online at https://fortifiedmindsgroup.com/contact

  • Virginia ADHD Support Group: https://vasg.org/adhd-support

  • New York Adult ADHD Meetup: https://meetup.com/NYC-ADHD-Community